Case Study: Acetone as a fuel additive
Recently, the idea of adding small quantities of Acetone to fuel (mostly petrol (gasoline), but diesel has also been mentioned) has attracted a lot of interest. (At the time of writing, "acetone gasoline mileage" gets over 20 000 hits on Google.) Given this high profile, it seems worthy of some theoretical examination.
The theory, so far as I can tell, is that it enhances the vaporisation of the fuel and so reduces the fraction that is wasted by escaping unburnt out of the exhaust or past the piston rings. While I have no specific knowledge of the effect of acetone on fuel vaporisation, it is nonetheless very easy to demonstrate that it cannot give a useful benefit via this mechanism. It is very well known that the vaporisation of fuel in a modern engine under normal operating conditions is already very good, and only about 1 - 2% of the input fuel escapes unburnt. Hence, whatever the properties of acetone, it is extremely hard to see how the economy benefit can be more than this relatively small amount.